ACTION OF ALCOHOL ON INTERNAL ORGANS.

Action on the stomach.
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The action of alcohol on the stomach is extremely dangerous that it becomes unable to produce the natural digestive fluid in sufficient quantity and also fails to absorb the food which it may imperfectly digest. A condition marked by the sense of nausea emptiness, prostration and distention will always be faced by an alcoholic. This results in a loathing for food and is teased with a craving for more drink. Thus there is engendered a permanent disorder which is called dyspepsia. The disastrous forms of confirmed indigestion originate by this practice.

How the liver gets affected.
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The organic deteriorations caused by the continued use of alcohol are often of a fatal character. The organ which most frequently undergoes structural changes from alcohol, is the liver. Normally, the liver has the capacity to hold active substances in its cellular parts. In instances of poisoning by various poisonous compounds, we analyse liver as if it were the central depot of the foreign matter. It is practically the same in respect to alcohol. The liver of an alcoholic is never free from the influence of alcohol and it is too often saturated with it. The minute membranous or capsular structure of the liver gets affected, preventing proper dialysis and free secretion. The liver becomes large due to the dilatation of its vessels, the surcharge of fluid matter and the thickening of tissue. This follows contraction of membrane and shrinking of the whole organ in its cellular parts. Then the lower parts of the alcoholic becomes dropsical owing to the obstruction offered to the returning blood by the veins. The structure of the liver may be charged with fatty cells and undergo what is technically designated 'fatty liver'.

How the Kidneys deteriorate.
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The Kidneys also suffer due to the excessive consumption of alcohol. The vessels of Kidneys lose elasticity and power of contraction. The minute structures in them go through fatty modification. Albumin from the blood easily passes through their membranes. This results in the body losing its power as if it were being run out of blood gradually.

Congestion of the lungs.
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Alcohol relaxes the vessels of the lungs easily as they are most exposed to the fluctuations of heat and cold. When subjected to the effects of a rapid variation in atmospheric temperature, they get readily congested. During severe winter seasons, the suddenly fatal congestions of lungs easily affects an alcoholic.

Alcohol weakens the heart.
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Consumption of alcohol greatly affects the heart. The quality of the membraneous structures which cover and line the heart changes and are thickened, become cartilaginous or calcareous. Then the valves lose their suppleness and what is termed valvular disorder becomes permanent. The structure of the the coats of the great blood-vessel leading from the heart share in the same changes of structure so that the vessel loses its elasticity and its power to feed the heart by the recoil from its distention, after the heart, by its stroke, has filled it with blood.

Again, the muscular structure of the heart fails owing to degenerative changes in its tissue. The elements of the muscular fibre are replaced by fatty cells or, if not so replaced, are themselves transferred into a modified muscular texture in which the power of contraction is greatly reduced.

Those who suffer from these organic deteriorations of the central and governing organ of the circulation of the blood learn the fact so insidiously, it hardly breaks upon them until the mischief is far advanced. They are conscious of a central failure of power from slight causes such as overexertion, trouble, broken rest or too long abstinence from food. They feel what they call a 'sinking' but they know that wine or some other stimulant will at once relieve the sensation. Thus they seek to relieve it until at last they discover that the remedy fails. The jaded, overworked, faithful heart will bear no more. it has run its course and the governor of the blood-streams broken. The current either overflows into the tissues gradually damming up the courses or under some slight shock or excess of motion ceases wholly at the centre.

Advantages And Disadvantages Bluetooth

Bluetooth has a lot to offer with an increasingly difficult market place.  Bluetooth helps to bring with it the promise of freedom from the cables and simplicity in networking that has yet to be matched by LAN (Local Area Network).

In the key marketplace, of wireless and handheld devices, the closest competitor to Bluetooth is infrared. Infrared holds many key features,  although the line of sight it provides doesn't go through walls or through obstacles like that of the Bluetooth technology.

Unlike infrared, Bluetooth isn't a line of sight and it provides ranges of up to 100 meters.  Bluetooth is also low power and low processing with an  overhead protocol.  What this means, is that it's  ideal for integration into small battery powered devices.  To put it short, the applications with Bluetooth are virtually endless.  

Disadvantages Bluetooth has several positive features and one would be extremely hard pressed to find downsides when given the current competition.  The only real downsides are the data rate and security.  Infrared can have data rates of up to 4 MBps, which provides very fast rates for data transfer, while Bluetooth

only offers 1 MBps.

For this very reason, infrared has yet to be dispensed with completely and is considered by many to be the complimentary technology to that of Bluetooth.  Infrared has inherent security due to its line of sight.  

The greater range and radio frequency (RF) of  Bluetooth make it much more open to interception and attack.  For this reason, security is a very key aspect to the Bluetooth specification.

Although there are very few disadvantages, Bluetooth still remains the best for short range wireless technology.  Those who have tried it love it, and they know for a fact that Bluetooth will be around for years to come.

Info on Play Station 3: A Preview

Playstation 3 is the video game console of the seventh generation era and the third in the series of the Playstation. PS3 is Sony’s response against Nintendo’s Wii and Microsoft’s Xbox 360.

The launch will be done on November 2006 in the United States and Japan. In Australasia and Europe, the PS3 will be available in the market on March 2007. The delayed date of release in the Australasian and European regions has been charged to the shortage of blue-ray drive diodes.

Sony announced that the Playstation 3 will be released in two configurations. The first one is the premium version. Units with this configuration come with Blu-ray disc drive, USB ports, Wi-Fi connectivity, memory card readers, and an internal 60-Gb hard drive. The alternate version, on the other hand, has only a 20-GB internal hard drive and does not come with Wi-Fi features and memory card readers. However, the user has the option to upgrade the hard drive and connect memory card readers via adapters. The Wi-Fi feature, however, cannot be installed.

With the blu-ray drive, PS3 users can play movies and game discs. Because a blu-ray disc has a capacity of holding up 54 GB of data, users will not have to want for additional media space.

The portable hard disks provide the system with the required storage space needed for Playstation Network applications, downloads, and other files. For the games, the hard drive will also be used for saving game points.

In the United States, the expected pricing release of the 20-GB is $499 and $599 for the 60-GB. In Japan, the price lists about $430 for the 20-GB. Sony has chosen to set an open price for the Japanese retailers for the 60-GB model. Meanwhile, for the European release, the 20-GB and the 60-GB versions cost $550 ad $660, respectively. In Australian regions, the premium model will retail for $680 while the 20-GB will retail for $570.

The PS3 console is elegantly designed to feature pleasing lines and curves. The sides of the PS3 appear to expand outward, hardly enclosing the hardware in it. Moreover, the PS3 case is outlined with a highly developed cooling system to deal with the heat output released from the system power supply and the Cell processor. Many would expect that because PS3 consumes much power, the system would sound significantly noisy. But actually, the PS3 operation is remarkably quiet.

Early models of the Playstation 3 consoles were in silver, white, and black. However, the initial release will only include black. To add an extra touch of sophistication to the design, Sony made use of quality material choices. In official previews of the design, the exterior of the PS3 console looked to be opaque and glossy black. The system casing, however, appeared to be dark and partially transparent black. And with the curved shape of the console top, users will have to stack the PS3 at the topmost layer of their equipment. The PS3 console weighs 11 pounds and its dimensions measures 12.8” x 3.8” x 10.8”.

The PS3, just like the other consoles, can sit horizontally or placed vertically on common AV racks. Users of the PS3 do not have to worry about unintentionally damaging their movie or game discs while changing the position of the console.

Purchasing a Brand New Sports Car

Driving around town in a brand new sports car may be one of the best experiences for a driver. Sports cars don't only give superior driving performance and comfort; they also give confidence to the owner of the car. Sports cars can be seen as the ultimate “eye candy” in the automobile world.

Buying a brand new sports car can also be a scary thing because of the money involved. How do you one shop for a brand new sports car? Here are some helpful tips in doing so:

1) Think about it a hundred times
There is a big difference in buying a sports car and a sedan. There is also a big difference in between a brand new model and an older one. A buyer must carefully assess his needs several times before deciding to buy a brand new model. This is particularly true if the budget is quite tight. But even if one can generously afford a brand new model, he must remember that money that is put in the wrong car is wasted money.

A buyer should also consider waiting for a little while if he is looking at a particular model which is new but is on the verge of being taken off the "brand new" list. This move could save him a lot of money while getting the same value that he would have gotten a few months back. This is an effective strategy if he intends to keep the car for a long time.

2) List and Check
A buyer should make a checklist of what he wants in a sports car. He should then compare the top scorers in his list. Factors such as size, comfort, engine performance and other details may be the deciding factor for the purchase.

3) Mind the Sticker Price
Always bear in mind that the sticker price is the highest price that the market can put on a particular model. Negotiations can bring the price down if done correctly.

4) Financing First
A buyer must make provisions for financing before making a purchase. Banks may be the best choice for car financing but the approval process can take some time. A buyer must also set extra money aside for peripheral expenses such as taxes and documents processing.

A brand new sports car is a dream for everyone. When someone has the capacity to realize the dream of buying a sports car, he must be wise and careful in doing so. A good purchase will make the sports car experience much more pleasant for the buyer.

UNDERWATER DIGITAL CAMERA: CAPTURING MOMENTS UNDERWATER

Memories are created just about anywhere. And when I say anywhere, I mean that memories are even created underwater – so the creation of underwater digital camera.

An underwater digital camera is not just used to capture underwater memories; some professional marine photographers also use underwater digital cameras in their business. Even marine biologists and scientists use underwater digital cameras to capture marine life and thus be able to study the life and properties of the marine life. But I think it is safe to assume that you, my reader, are neither a marine scientist nor a professional photographer. Like me, you are just some photo junkie who wants to capture underwater moments and just cant figure out how without ruining your cameras.

Please listen to me when I say that even waterproof cameras cannot withstand underwater photography. To be waterproof is to resist the water in certain levels, submerging in under the water to get the perfect shot is like throwing it out of the window expecting a pick-up truck to pass by and run over it.

Now if you’re really serious about using an underwater digital camera to capture those wacky and funny moments underwater, I suggest that you buy specialty cameras.

There are rarely underwater digital cameras, as cameras are electronic and cannot withstand water and water pressure. The closest electronics has ever got to producing underwater digital cameras are producing underwater casings for digital cameras. These casing will turn your conventional digital camera into an underwater digital camera.

If you are shooting with your underwater digital camera, you need to take note of a few things to help you come up with the best images underwater.

Remember that as you farther under water, light diffuses. This means that your underwater digital camera will produce images darker than those images you took while on land – this is because of the light diffusion the red spectrum seems darker. To avoid this, use white balance come up with natural colors. Also, pictures taken underwater will come up larger than pictures taken on land with the same zoom effect. Be sure to check your underwater digital camera’s viewfinder to check the right picture angle and size that you want.

An underwater digital camera with its built-in flash will produce marine show phenomenon. It is a phenomenon wherein your pictures come out as blurry and with white particles floating above it, to avoid this phenomenon it is advisable to use external flash for your underwater digital camera.

Before using your underwater digital camera, submerge the camera in the water first for several seconds then check if there are leaks through the case. Make sure that no grain of sand or piece of hair is stuck in between the seal to make sure that water will not permeate the case and thus wet your camera in the process. It is also advisable to put silica gel or two inside the case of your underwater digital camera as long as they don’t disturb the camera’s operation. (Silica gel will keep the moisture from forming inside your camera case.)

Most underwater digital cameras come with optional lenses. Don’t be afraid to add these lenses to your underwater digital camera kit. Macro lenses will help you capture small things without getting too close and startling your subject.

Also, remember to always wash of salt when you’ve used it under salt water. If the salts are not washed off, in time they will crystallize; act as sands and cause leaks for your camera case. In cases when sands seem to get into the case, they are better washed off with streams of water.

Check out Sony, Nikon and Canon’s website for available underwater cases for your digital cameras.

Solar Power Technology

Solar or photovoltaic solar cells (PV) are electronic devices that essentially convert solar energy (fuel) of sunlight into electric energy or electricity. The basic physics of solar cells are the same semiconductor principles as diodes and transistors that form the building blocks of the entire world of electronics. Solar cells convert energy as long as the there is sunlight. In the evenings and cloudy conditions, the conversion process diminishes. It stops completely at dusk and resumes at dawn. Solar cells do not store electricity, but batteries can be used to store energy.

One of the most fascinating aspects of the solar cells is the ability to convert the most abundant and free form of energy into electricity, without moving parts or components and without producing any adverse forms of pollution that affect the ecology, as is associated with most known forms of nonrenewable energy production methods, such as fossil fuel, hydroelectric, or nuclear energy generating plants.

A Brief History of the Photoelectric Phenomenon

In later part of the 19th century, physicists discovered a phenomenon, when light was incident on liquids and metal cell surfaces, electrons were released. However, no one had an explanation for the bizarre occurrences. At the turn of the 20th century, Albert Einstein provided a theory on the PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT, for which he won the Nobel Prize in physics and laid the groundwork for the theory of the PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT. The following diagram shows the photoelectric effect. When light is shone on a metal, electrons are released that are attracted toward a positive charged plate, thereby giving rise to photoelectric current.
Einstein explained the observed phenomenon by a contemporary theory of QUANTIZED ENERGY LEVELS, which was previously developed by Max Plank. The theory described light as being made out of miniscule bundles of energy called PHOTONS. Photons impinging on metals or semiconductors knock electrons from atoms. In the 1930s, these theorems led to new discipline in physics called QUANTUM MECHANICS, which consequently led to the discovery of transistors in 1950s and the development of semiconductor electronics.

Lighting
Providing lighting within a building can account for up to 30% of the energy used. There are several options for reducing this energy usage. The easiest method for reducing the energy used to provide lighting is to invest in compact fluorescent lights, as opposed to traditional incandescent lights. Compact fluorescent lights use approximately 75% less energy than typical incandescent lights. A 15 watt compact fluorescent light will supply the same amount of light as a 60 watt incandescent, while using only 25% of the energy that a 60 watt incandescent light would require. Compact fluorescent lights also last significantly longer than incandescent lights, with an expected lifetime of 10,000 hours on most models. Most compact fluorescent lights also come with a one-year warranty. Another option for saving money and energy related to lighting is to use torchieres. In recent years halogen torchieres have become relatively popular. However, halogen torchieres create extremely high levels of heat, approximately 90% of the energy used by a halogen lamp is transferred to heat, not light. Some halogen lamps generate enough heat to fry an egg on the top of the lamp. These lamps create a fire hazard due to the possibility of curtains touching the lamp and igniting or a lamp falling over and igniting carpet. Great alternatives to these types of lamps are compact fluorescent torchieres. Whereas a halogen torchieres used 4 hours per day will use approximately438 kilowatt-hours throughout the year, a compact fluorescent torchieres used 4 hours per day will only use 80 kilowatt hours throughout the year. If you currently pay $0.11 per kilowatt-hour this would save you over $30 per year, just for changing one lamp.

Economic Analysis
It should be noted that economic cost analysis discussed below should not over shadow, ignore, or dismiss immense intangible cost benefits of solar power systems as a renewable and sustainable source of energy. When considering air quality degradation by nonrenewable energy sources, such as coal and fossil fuels, which generate over 1,000 pounds of carbon dioxide for every megawatt hour of electric power, solar or any sustainable type of renewable energy must be given a significant tangible value. Upon completion of the overall hardware and manpower installation costs outlined above, the solar power engineer must evaluate the prevailing and projected costs associated with the electric energy for the life span of the solar power system, which may range from 10 years to 25 years, depending on the employed choice of PV technology. To establish an economic analysis framework, the solar power engineer assesses the cost benefit and financial merits of the solar power system investment. The designer should be familiar with engineering econometrics.